INDIA

The Timurid Dynasty

GENEALOGY

1556 - 1605  H.M. Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-‘Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffatt ul-Anam, Amir ul-Mu’minin, Khalifat ul-Muta’ali Abu’l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu’llah [‘Arsh-Ashyani], Emperor of India. b. at the Fort of Umarkot, Sind, 23^rd November 1542, and named Badr ud-din Muhammad Akbar (his birthdate was officially changed to 15^th October and he was renamed Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar), second son of H.M. Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu’l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun II Padshah Ghazi, Zillu’llah, Emperor of India, by his wife, Hamida Banu Begum Sahiba, daughter of Shaikh ‘Ali Akbar Jami [Mir Baba Dost], illiterate. Subadar of Ghazni 1551-1555, and Lahore 1555-1556. Appointed as Heir Apparent by his father, June 1555. Succeeded on the death of his father, 27^th January 1556 o.s. Proclaimed as Emperor by his guardian, Bairam Khan, and ascended the musnaid at the Takht-i-Akbari, in the Imperial Camp near Kalanaur, Gurdaspur, Punjab, 14^th February 1556. At his accession the Mughal power extended over Delhi, Agra, parts of the Punjab, Kabul and Kandahar, but was challenged on all fronts. Delhi and Agra were lost almost immediately, but Akbar soon consolidated his position at the Second Battle of Panipat, where he defeated Muhammad Adil Shah and his Chief Minister Hemchandra (Hemu), 5^th November 1556. He then established control over Bihar and Bengal, and went on to conquer Gondwana 1564, Chttor 1567, Gujarat 1573, Kabul 1581, Kashmir 1586, Sind 1591, Baluchisthan, Kandahar 1595, and Ahmednagar 1597. Marriage alliances and the family relationships established through them, ensured the loyalty of the most influential Rajput princes. Prorogued the ‘Ibadat Khana’ or Council of Religion to examine the advantages and drawbacks of all religions, 1575. As a result of these deliberations he established his own religion, known as ‘Din-i-Ilahi’, which drew its principals of universal peace and tolerance from several different existing religions. Despite his own illiteracy, he became a great patron of the arts, learning and scholarship, ammassed a large library from which he received daily readings and then discussed religion and literature with them. m. (first) at Ghazni, 1552, his cousin, Shahzadi Ruqiya Sultan Begum Sahiba (b. 1542; d.s.p. at Agra, 5^th February1626 n.s. (bur. Kabul), daughter of his paternal uncle, Shahzada ‘Abu Nasir Muhammad Hindal Mirza. m. (second) 1556, a daughter of Jamal Khan, of Mewat. m. (third) at Mankot, 1557, a daughter of ‘Abdu’llah Khan Mughal. m. (fourth) before 11^th September 1561 o.s., Salima Sultan Begum Sahiba (b. 23^rd February 1539; d. at Delhi, 27^th December 1612 n.s. (bur. in the Mandarkar Garden, Agra), widow of Waqil us-Sultanat, Yar Wafadar, Baradur Neku-siyar, Farzand-i-Sa’adatmand, Nawab Bairam Khan Bahadur, Khan-i-Khanan [Khan Baba], sometime Vicegerent of the Empire, and daughter of Khwaja Nur ud-din Muhammad Mirza [Sayyid Amir], by his wife, Shahzadi Gul Barg Begum Sahiba, daughter of Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Zahir ud-din Muhammad Jalal ud-din Babur Padshah Ghazi, Emperor of India. m. (fifth) at Sambhar, 6^th February 1562, Wali Nimat, Hamida Banu Mariam uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba (d. at Agram, 19^th May 1623 n.s., bur. Rauza Mariam, Sikandara), née Rajkumari Hira Kunwari Sahiba, alias Harkha Bai, eldest daughter of Raja Bihari Mal, Raja of Amber. m. (sixth) at Nagaur, 1562, Maharajkumari Shri Nathi Bai Sahiba, daughter of Maharajadhiraj Parama Bhattarak Shri Maharawal Ji Bairi Hariraj Singh Dev Bahadur, Yadukul Chandrawhal, Bijaimand, Maharaja of Jaisalmer. m. (seventh) before 21^st August 1563 n.s., the former wife of ‘Abdu’l-Wasi. m. (eighth) near Mandu, September 1564, a daughter of Miran Mubaraq Shah Faruqi II, King of Khandesh. m. (ninth) a daughter of Fadan Khan. m. (tenth) 1569, a daughter of Sultan Muhammad Nasir ud-din Husain Shah [Hosaina Shaha] Ghazi, Sultan of Kashmir. m. (eleventh) 1570 (div.), Sindh Begum Sahiba (d.s.p.), daughter of Mirza Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan of Thatta, Sind. m. (twelfth) at Nagaur, 16^th November 1570, Baiji Lal Raj Kanwari Sahiba, daughter of Kunwar Shri Kanho [Kanhaji], of Bikaner, and niece of Rao Shri Kalyan Mal, Rao of Bikaner. m. (thirteenth) at Nagaur, 16^th November 1570, Baiji Lal Bhanumati Kanwari Sahiba, daughter of Kanwar Sri Bhim Rajji, Gai Bhum ra Bahru, of Bikaner. m. (fourteenth) ca. 1572, a daughter of Nahar Das Isar Das. m. (fifteenth) 1573, a daughter of Raja Shri Jai Chand, of Nagaur. m. (sixteenth) at Fatehpur Sikri, 1575, Kasima Banu Begum Sahiba, daughter of Arab Shah. m. (seventeenth) 1577, a daughter of Maharawal Shri Askaran Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur. m. (eighteenth) ca. 1581, Rajkumari Shri Rukmawati Baiji Lall Sahiba [Jodh Bibi] (d.s.p. before 30^th May 1623, bur. Bihishtabad Sikandara, near Agra), daughter of Rao Shri Mal Deoji, Rao of Marwar, by his paswan, Tipu. m. (nineteenth) 1581, a daughter of Raja Shri Kesho Das Rathore, of Merta. m. (twentieth) at Lahore, 1594, a daughter of Qazi ‘Isa, of Qazwin. m. (twenty-first) before 1597, a daughter of Nasir Khan. m. (twenty-second) 1597, a daughter of Sri Sri Maharaja Lakshmi Narayan Bhup Bahadur, Raja of Cooch Behar. m. (twenty-third) Gauhar Khanum, a sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakht Bahaduriyar. m. (twenty-fourth) Tara Begum Sahiba, who built the Tara Bagh at Agra. m. (twenty-fifth) Tauti Begum Sahiba, who built the Tota Bagh and Tota ka Tal in Agra. m. (twenty-sixth) a daughter of Hasan Khan of Merta. m. (twenty-seventh?) a maternal niece of Jodhaji Soda, of Nawanagar (d. after 1608). m. (twenty-eighth?) Manbhaoti Begum (a concubine?), who built a garden at Agra. m. (twenty-ninth?) Abdar Begum Sahiba (a concubine?). m. (thirtieth?) Achanak Begum (a concubine?), who built the garden of Achanak Bagh, on the banks of the Jamuna river, at Agra. m. (a) Bibi Pungrai. m. (b) 1564, Bibi Aram Bakhsh. m. (c) Bibi Salima Sultana (d. at Lahore, 23^rd May 1599). m. (d) Bibi Khaira. m. (e) Bibi Maryam (d. at Lahore, 1596). m. (f) Bibi Daulat Shad. m. (g) Bibi Naun. m. (h) at Srinagar, October 1592, a daughter of Shams Chak, of Kashmir.(Emperor Akbar. m. 12 Rajput princesses in total). He d. from the effects of slow poisoning, at the Daulatkhana, Fathabad (Fatehpur Sikri), Akbarabad (Agra), 27^th October 1605 n.s. (bur. Bihishtabad Sikandara, near Agra), having had issue, six sons and seven daughters:

• 1) Shahzada Hasan Mirza. b. 19^th October 1564 (twin with his brother Husain) (s/o Bibi Aram Bakhsh). He d. 5^th November 1564.
• 2) Shahzada Husain Mirza. b. 19^th October 1564 (twin with his brother Husain) (s/o Bibi Aram Bakhsh). He d. 29^th October 1564.
• 3) Malik ul-Mulk, Shahzada Sultan Salim Shah Bahadur, who succeeded as H.M. Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu’l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah, Emperor of India (s/o Mariam uz-Zamani) – see below.
• 4) Shahzada Sultan Murad Mirza. b. in the house of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, at Fathabad (Fatehpur Sikri), Akbarabad (Agra), 7^th June 1570 (s/o Salima Sultana), educ. by Jesuits. Appointed to an Imperial mansab of 8,000. m. (first) a daughter of Bahadur, and granddaughter of Raja ‘Ali Khan Faruqi, Raja of Khandesh. m. (second) at Lahore, 15^th May 1587, Habiba Banu Begum Sahiba, daughter of Khan-i-Azam, Mirza Aziz Koka, sometime Subadar of Gujarat, Bengal and Malwa. m. (a) a Rajput princess. m. (b) another Rajput princess. He d. from drink, at Jalnapur, Deccan, 12^th May 1599 (bur. Mausoleum of Emperor Humayun, Nizampur, Delhi), having had issue, two sons and one daughter:
  • a) Shahzada Rustam Mirza . b. at Lahore, 27^th August 1588 (s/o Habiba Banu Begum). He d. at Lahore, 9^th December 1597.
  • b) Shahzada Alam Mirza. b. at Lahore, ca. 4^th November 1590 (s/o Habiba Banu Begum).
  • a) Shahzadi Iffat Jahan Banu Begum Sahiba.  Copyright© Christopher Buyers
• 5) Shahzada Sultan Danial Mirza. b. at the house of Shaikh Danial, Ajmer, 11^th September 1572 (s/o Mariam uz-Zamani). Subadar of the Deccan 21^st April 1601 to April 1604. Appointed to an Imperial mansab of 7,000. m. (first) at Lahore, 9^th June 1586, a daughter of Sultan Khwaja ‘Abdu’l-Azim Naqshabandi. m. (second) 1594, a daughter (d. at Gwalior, 1599) of Qulij Khan Andajani, sometime Subadar of Kabul, Punjab, Gujarat and Afghanistan. m. (third) at Lahore, 2^nd October 1595, a granddaughter of Rao Mal Deoji Sahib, Rao of Marwar, and daughter of Kanwar Rai Mal Sahib. m. (fourth) 1599, Janan Begum Sahiba [Jani Begum] (d. after March 1621), daughter of Wakil us-Sultanat, Khan-i-Khanan, Amir ud-Daula, Nawab Mirza ‘Abdu’r Rahim Khan, sometime Subadar of Gujarat. m. (fifth) a daughter of Raja Dalpat, of Ujjain. m. (sixth) (not consumated) at Mungi Paitan, on the banks of the Godavari river, 1604, Sultan Begum Sahiba, second daughter of H.M. Ghulam-i-‘Ali Murtaza Sultan Ibrahim II ‘Adil Shah Abla Bali, King of Bijapur. Prince Danial also m. three other Rajput princesses. He d. from delirium tremens, at Burhanpur, 8^th April 1604, having had issue, five sons and five daughters:
  • a) A s/o Qulij Khan Andajani’s daughter. b. at Allahabad (?), July 1597. He d. young. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
  • b) A s/o Janan Begum. b. at Agra (?), January/February 1602. He d. young.
  • c) Shahzada Taimurasp Mirza. b. ca. 1603 (full-brother of Baisunghar and Burhani), educ. by the Jesuit Fathers. Received into the Roman Catholic Church and baptised by Father Xavier in July 1610 with the name Don Philippo. He later renounced the faith along with his brothers, because the Jesuits failed to provide them with Portuguese wives. m. 1625, Shahzadi Bahar Banu Begum Sahiba (b. at Lahore, 14^th September 1590 n.s.; d. 8^th September 1653, bur. Rauza Mariam, Sikandara), fourth daughter of his uncle, H.M. Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu’l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah, Emperor of India, by his wife, Karamsi Begum Sahiba, daughter of Raja Kishu Das Rathore. He was k. in captivity at Lahore, by order of Emperor Shah Jahan, 2^nd February 1628.
  • d) Shahzada Baisunghar Mirza. b. 1604 (full-brother of Taimurasp and Burhani), educ. by the Jesuit Fathers. Received into the Roman Catholic Church and baptised by Father Xavier in July 1610 with the name Don Carlos, but later renounced the faith along with his brothers. He was k. at Kaulas, 2^nd February 1628. Note: Shah Safi of Persia allowed a man claiming to be Baisunghar Mirza to go to the Deccan and create a disturbance in 1633. He was captured on reaching Thatta, declared an imposter and beheaded in 1637.
  • e) Shahzada Hushang Mirza. b. 1604, educ. by the Jesuit Fathers. Received into the Roman Catholic Church and baptised by Father Xavier in July 1610 with the name Don Enrique, but later renounced the faith along with his brothers. m. 1626, Shahzadi Hoshmand Banu Begum Sahiba (b. ca. 1605), daughter of his uncle, Shahzada Sultan Khushru Mirza. He was k. in captivity, by order of Emperor Shah Jahan, 2^nd February 1628.
  • a) A d/o Sultan Khwaja ‘Abdu’l-Azim Naqshabandi’s daughter. b. at Lahore, May 1590. She d. young. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
  • b) Shahzadi Sa’adat Banu Begum Sahiba*. b. at Lahore, 1592 (d/o Sultan Khwaja ‘Abdu’l-Azim Naqshabandi’s daughter).
  • c) Shahzadi Bulaqi Begum Sahiba. b. at Lahore, February 1595 (d/o Qulij Khan Andajani’s daughter). m. at Agra, June 1619, Mirza Wali (d. before 14^th January 1649 n.s., of Anhal, appointed to an Imperial mansab of 1,500 zat and 750 sowar by Emperor Jahangir, prom. to 2,000 zat and 1,000 sowar 1627, sometime Faujdar of Mandu, younger son of her uncle, Khwaja Hasan Naqshabandi, by his wife, Shahzadi Najib un-nisa Begum Sahiba [Fakhr un-nisa Begum], fifth daughter of H.M. Al-Sultan al-‘Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Muhammad Nasir ud-din Humayun Padshah Ghazi, Zillu’llah, Emperor of India. She had issue, one son.
  • d) Shahzadi Mahi Banu Begum Sahiba* (d/o Raja Dalpat’s daughter).
  • e) Shahzadi Burhani Begum Sahiba* (full-sister of Taimurasp and Baisunghar).
  • * one of these daughters m. Mirza Khan (k. on the orders of Emperor Jahangir, 1643), elder son of Jan Sipar Yakrang, Nawab Khwaja ‘Abdu’llah Safdar Khan, Firuz Jang, sometime Subadar of Gujarat, probably by his wife, a daughter of Sulaiman Shah Mirza, of Badakshan.
• 6) Sultan Khushru Mirza. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
• 1) Shahzadi Fatima Banu Begum Sahiba. b. before 21^st August 1563 o.s. (d/o Bibi Pungrai). She d. before 9^th August 1564 o.s.
• 2) Shahzadi Shahzada Sultan Banu Begum Sahiba [Sultan Khanum]. b. 21^st November 1569 (d/o Salima Sultana). m. at Lahore, 4^th August 1593, Muzaffar Husain Mirza (d. 1604 (bur. Bara Batashewala Mahal, Delhi), son of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, by his wife, Shahzadi Gul Rukh Begum Sahiba, daughter of Shahzada Kamran Mirza. She d. after 1600 (bur. Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar, Bihishtabad Sikandara, near Agra) – see Persia (Khorasan).
• 3) Shahzadi Meeti Begum Sahiba. b. ca. 1571 (d/o Mihr Sema). She d. aged eight months.
• 4) Shahzadi Mahi Begum Sahiba. b. ca. 1571 (d/o Nathi Bai). She d. at Fatehpur Sikri, 7^th April 1577.
• 5) Shahzadi Shakir un-nisa Begum Sahiba. b. after 1572 (d/o Bibi Daulat Shad). m. at Lahore, 4^th August 1593, as his first wife, Shahrukh Mirza (d. at Ujjain, 1607), Governor of Badakshan 1574-1585, son of Ibrahim Mirza, by his second wife, Muhtarima Khanum, widow of Shahzada Kamran Mirza, and daughter of Shah Muhammad Sultan Jagatai, Sultan of Kashghar. She d. on the journey from Akbarabad to Delhi, 1^st January 1653 (bur. Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar, Bihishtabad Sikandara, near Agra), having had issue – see Uzbekistan (Transoxania).
• 6) Shahzadi Lala Begum Sahiba (d/o Bibi Naun). She d. young?
• 7) Shahzadi Aram Banu Begum Sahiba [Ladli Begum]. b. 22^nd December 1584 (d/o Bibi Daulat Shad). m. Wakil us-Sultanat, Khan-i-Khanan, Nawab Mirza ‘Abdu’r Rahim Khan (b. at Lahore, 17^th December 1556; d. at Delhi, 1627, bur. near the Mausoleum of Emperor Humayun, Nizampur, Delhi), appointed to an Imperial mansab of 4,000 zat and 4,000 sowar 1576, prom. to 5,000 zat and 5,000 sowar, prom. to 7,000 zat and 7,000 sowar 1618, Subadar of Gujarat 1576-1580, Mir-i-‘Arz 1580-1581, Inspector of Petitions 1581-1583, Ataliq to Prince Sultan Salim 1583, C-in-C in the Deccan 1608-1615, son of Waqil us-Sultanat, Yar Wafadar, Baradur Neku-siyar, Farzand-i-Sa’adatmand, Nawab Bairam Khan Bahadur, Khan-i-Khanan [Khan Baba], sometime Vicegerent of the Empire, by his wife, the younger daughter of Jamal Khan, of Mewat. She d. 1624 (bur. Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar, Bihishtabad Sikandara, near Agra), having had issue, a daughter.