Mosquito2

MOSQUITOS

BRIEF HISTORY

166X – 1686 Oldman*, King of the Mosquito Nation. Son of an unnamed King of the Mosquito Nation who had been taken to England by the Earl of Warwick and received in audience by King Charles I in 1634, was befriended by that sovereign, and returned to the Mosquito Shore in 1637 (Colonel Lewis Morris, the progenitor of the famous New Jersey family having acted as hostage during his absence), finding that his father had died, succeeded immediately as King in his stead. Oldham himself went to England and was received at court by King Chares II in 1666. Granted a crown and other items, they eventually formed part of the regalia, 1644. He d. 1686, having had issue:

1) Jeremy I, King of the Mosquito Nation - see below.

* Some sources seem to suggest that his actual name may have been Oldham, rather than Oldman. Perhaps the latter and more popular spelling may be due to a misreading of contemporary seventeenth century handwriting.

1686 – 1718 Jeremy I, King of the Mosquito Nation. b. ca. 1639, son of Oldman, King of the Mosquito Nation. Succeeded on the death of his father, 1686. He visited Jamaica in February 1688 and requested English protection. Confirmed and invested with a commission by the Duke of Albemarle, Governor of Jamaica. During his reign, the Mosquito’s made their first recorded attack on Spanish settlements in 1699. He d. ca. 1718, having had issue:

1) H.M. Jeremy II, King of the Mosquito Nation - see below.
2) H.H. Prince Peter. Admiral and General. King-Regent during the minority of his nephew, Edward I, before 3^rd October 1729 to before 19^th May 1739.

1718 - 1729 H.M. Jeremy II, King of the Mosquito Nation, eldest son of Jeremy I, King of the Mosquito Nation. Entered into the first formal agreement with the British Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes, at St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, on 25^th June 1720, when he agreed to supply a contingent to suppress an outbreak by the Maroons in Jamaica. He d. from smallpox contacted when the Miskitos attacked Yucatán, before 3^rd October 1729, having had issue, several sons, including:

1) H.M. Edward I, King of the Mosquito Nation – see below.
2) H.M. King George I, King of the Mosquito Nation – see below.
3) H.H. Prince Isaac, Duke of Boccaterra [a.k.a. Duke of York and Count of Stamford]. Sent as Envoy from his brother, King George I, to England together with his nephew, November 1774-January 1776.

1729 – 1755 H.M. Edward I, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation. b. 1721, eldest son of H.M. Jeremy II, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. privately. Succeeded on the death of his father as King Elect, before 3^rd October 1729. Reigned under the regency of his paternal uncle, King Regent Peter until he came of age and petitioned the British Governor of Jamaica for a commission, 19^th May 1739. Accepted baptism for himself, his family and the people of his district. Crowned at Spanish Town, Jamaica, 16^th March 1740 (when he also accepted British protection, concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, and accepted the English Common Law as the law of the land within his domains). He invited the Soc for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) to establish a mission in 1742, allowing ministers to preach the gospel and teachers to educate his family and people. He d. at Sandy Bay, January 1755, having had issue:

1) H.H. Prince Eugene (eldest son), educ. SPG Mission, Sandy Bay. Commandant and Representative of Dukwara. Passed over by the chiefs and nobles at his father’s death, because he was still a child. Candidate for the throne in 1776, but passed over for a second time. A signatory to the oath of submission at Woollang, 14^th November 1815. He d. after 1816.
2) ?H.H. Prince Perry, Duke of Brigales. General. Commandant and Representative of Belos Carma. A signatory to the oath of submission at Woollang, 14^th November 1815. He d. after 1816.

1755 – 1776 H.M. George I, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation, second son of H.M. Jeremy II, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. by Soc for the Propagation of the Gospel, Sandy Bay. Crowned at Sandy Bay, February 1755. Baptised with his Queen by the Rev Thomas Warren 1773. Visited Jamaica in 1774 and received a commission of recognition from Governor Edward Trelawny. He established a Legislative Council in 1775 and a Court of Common Pleas in 1776. He d. from smallpox, during an epidemic that hit the Mosquito Coast, at Sandy Bay, January 1776, having had issue:

1) H.M. George Frederic Augustus I, King of the Mosquito Nation – see below.
2) H.H. Prince Stephen, educ. SPG Mission, Sandy Bay. Baptised by the Rev Thomas Warren at Sandy Bay 1773. He had visited the Capital of Guatemala at the invitation of its government in 1797, in its endeavour to secure a treaty which, although failing, had the effect of constituting recognition of the Mosquito Nation as an independent power by that nation. Regent and C-in-C of the Mosquito Shore and Nation (sometimes styled ‘King Regent’ of ‘King Stephen, Prince Regent’) for his nephews King George Frederic Augustus II October 1801-14^th November 1815 and King Robert Charles Frederick 9^th March 1824-23^rd April 1825. A signatory to the oath of submission at Woollang, 14^th November 1815.
3) H.H. Prince Andrew, educ. SPG Mission, Sandy Bay. Baptised by the Rev Thomas Warren at Sandy Bay 1773. Admiral. Governor of Duckwarra and of the Central Provinces 1801-1815.
1) H.H. Princess Lyndia. She was k. by Deverin, August 1839.

1776 – 1800 H.M. George Frederic Augustus I, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation. b. at Sandy Bay, 1757, eldest son of H.M. George I, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. SPG Mission, Sandy Bay. Baptised by the Rev Thomas Warren at Sandy Bay 1773. Visited England together with his uncle, November 1774-January 1776. Succeeded on the death of his father, soon after his return from London in January 1776. Crowned by the Rev Thomas Warren at Black River in March 1777. Suspended by the Governor of Jamaica October 1778-November 1779. Served with British forces against the Spanish during the American Revolutionary Wars 1779-1783 and signally defeated a Spanish force sent against Black River in 1796. A cruel and despotic ruler, who enslaved Indians from the Blanco, Kukra and Ulwa tribes and ill-treated his many wives and servants in a violent and barbarous manner. m. twenty-two wives. He was k. (assassinated) by the friends of one of his wives, whom he had killed with particularly barbarity, at Cape Gracias á Dios, October 1800, having had issue by different wives:

1) H.R.H. Hereditary Prince Frederic, who succeeded as H.M. George Frederic Augustus II, King of the Mosquito Shore and Nation – see below.
2) H.H. Prince Robert, who succeeded as H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Mosquito Shore and Nation – see below.

1800 – 1824 H.M. George Frederic Augustus II, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation. b. at The Ridge, Cape Gracias á Dios, 1797, elder son of King George Frederic Augustus I, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. at Spanish Town, Jamaica. Succeeded on the death of his father, October 1800. Reigned under the Regency of his uncle, Prince Stephen. Declared of age, and received the oath of submission from the regents and chiefs, at Woollang, 14^th November 1815. Crowned by the Rev John Armstrong and invested with a sceptre, sword and spurs at the Church of St John the Baptist, Belize, 18^th January 1816. Hon Major The Prince Regent’s Royal Honduras Militia 1816. m. several wives. He d. (strangled by his wife and body thrown into the sea), at Cape Gracias á Dios, 9^th March 1824, having had issue, two or three sons:

1) H.H. Prince Robert Frederic.
2) H.H. Prince George Frederic. He d. 1824. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
1) ? Princes ... m. Hendy, and who had descendants:
- a) H.E. George William Albert Hendy, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito – see below.
- b) H.E. Andrew Hendy, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito – see below.

1824 – 1841 H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation. b. at The Ridge, Cape Gracias á Dios, 1800, younger son of son of King George Frederic Augustus I, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. at Belize and Spanish Town, Jamaica. Succeeded on the death of his elder half-brother, 9^th March 1824. Crowned by Bishop Lipscombe at the Church of St John the Baptist, Belize, 23^rd April 1825. Received the uniform of a Post Captain in the RN 1825. Forbade the taking of people into slavery 1^st November 1832 and proclaimed the total abolition of slavery 27^th August 1841. m. (first) H.M. Queen Juliana, daughter of General Thomas Lowry Robinson, who defeated the Spanish invasion of 1796, sometime Regent for King George Augustus Frederick. m. (second) Joanna, a junior wife. He d. at King’s House, Waslala, Rio Coco, 8^th October 1841, having had issue, three sons and three daughters:

1) H.R.H. Hereditary Prince George Augustus Frederick, who succeeded as H.M. George* Augustus Frederic, King of the Mosquito Nation (s/o Queen Juliana) – see below.
2) H.H. Prince William Henry Clarence*. b. at Cape Gracias á Dios, 1834 (s/o Queen Juliana), educ. Honduras Free Sch, Belize, and at Fulham, Mdsx, England. Cmsnd as Midshipman Royal Honduras Flotilla 1845. Lieut Mosquito Naval Service 12/4/1847. He d. at Weymouth, Dorset, 12^th February 1849 (bur. there at the Graveyard of St Nicholas Church, Moreton). Copyright© Christopher Buyers
3) H.H. Prince Alexander (s/o Queen Juliana). He was, apparently, sent by the Moravians to be educated in Germany in 1848, after the British Government had refused to pay for his education in England. He d. at Bonn, Germany, ca 1849.
1) H.H. Princess Agnes Anne Frederica [Inez Anna Frederick]. b. at Cape Gracias á Dios, 1831 (d/o Queen Juliana), educ. Moravian Mission Sch, Bluefields. Approved the cession of San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to Nicaragua against the wishes of her brother, the king, 28^th October 1847, For a brief time in 1849, she was considered a possible heir to the Miskito throne. m. Michael Hodgson, Mbr Council of State to 1860, and of the General Council from 1860, a descendant of Colonel Robert Hodgson, Jnr., British Superintendent of the Mosquito Coast 1767-1777.
2) H.H. Princess Matilda. b. 1837 (d/o a junior wife), educ. Moravian Mission Sch, Bluefields. m. and had issue:
- a) H.E. Prince Jonathan Charles Frederick, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito – see below.
- b) Robert Frederick, Heir Apparent of the Mosquito Kings – see below. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
3) H.H. Princess Victoria Henriette Frederica. b. 1838 (d/o Queen Juliana), educ. Moravian Mission Sch, Bluefields. m. Henry Clarence, a Miskito Indian, by whom she had issue, two sons:
- a) H.R.H. Hereditary Prince William Henry Clarence, who succeeded as H.E. Prince William Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito– see below.
- b) Alexander Clarence. Candidate for the chieftaincy in 1888 and 1890. The new Nicaraguan Governor of Bluefields later attempted to induce him to accept the chieftainship after learning that nobody supported Andrew Hendy, but “he fled to Belize before General Reyes’ advances” in 1896.

* These two princes have been confused as a single individual as a consequence of an error in the writings of E.G. Squier (pseudonym Samuel A. Bard), who omitted a comma when listing the King’s sons in his attempt to reproduce the late King’s published testimony of 1840. “…the Princes George, William Clarence and Alexander…” being transposed by Squier as “… the Princes George William Clarence and Alexander…” He then continued the error in all his subsequent writings, along with a number of other important mistakes on dates and people, place names, geographical features and locations. Thereby confusing a good many others who followed in his wake and who depended too heavily on his supposed knowledge of the people and customs of the region. It is now almost certain that Squier never so much as set a single foot on the Mosquito Coast, let alone Bluefields or met her king. Although respected for his earlier work as an archaeologist in northern America, he later entangled himself in Central American politics and had interests in the US ambitions for a canal in the region. He was declared insane in 1874 and has since been exposed as a propagandist of the worst kind, in relation to most of his writings on Central America. Like a lot of American writers of the period on the Mosquito, Haiti and other places, Squier is full of condescending bile and mockery on all things non-white.

1841 – 1865 H.M. George Augustus Frederic, By the Grace of God King of the Mosquito Nation. b. at King’s House, Cape Gracias á Dios, 1832, eldest son of H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Mosquito Nation, by his wife, H.M. Queen Juliana, daughter of General Thomas Lowry Robinson, educ. Moravian Mission Sch, Bluefields, Honduras Free Sch, Belize, and in Kingston, Jamaica. Nominated as Heir Apparent by his father, in his testament deed dated 25^th February 1840. Proclaimed as King of the Mosquito Nation on his death, 8^th October 1841. Reigned under a Council of Regency composed of Prince Wellington, General Thomas Lowry Robinson and Colonel Johnson, 1842-1845. Removed his capital to Bluefields in 1844. Crowned by The Hon & Rev Dr Matthew Newport at the Church of St John the Baptist, Belize, 7^th May 1845. Constituted the Council of State 10^th September 1846 to advise him and to conduct the government of the country. Forced to change his title from King to ‘Hereditary Chief of Mosquito’ as a consequence of the Treaty of Managua, 28^th January 1860. Proclaimed the Municipal Constitution of the Mosquito Reserve 12^th September 1861. Received the uniform of a post Captain, RN (or Hon Capt in the Royal Honduras Flotilla?) 1845. Hon Major The Prince Regent’s Royal Honduras Militia. Colonel-in-Chief Royal Bluefields Militia 1845-1865. A refined and cultured gentleman who, according to Captain Bedford Pym spoke English so perfectly, without the least trace of a foreign accent, that it was better than any he had encountered out of England. m. after 1860, a creole lady. He d.s.p. legit. at King’s House, Bluefields, 27^th November 1865, having had issue, several sons (all deemed ineligible to succeed him because their mother was not of pure Indian stock).

1865 – 1879 H.E. Prince William Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito. b. at Bluefields, 5^th May 1856, eldest son of Princess Victoria, daughter of H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Mosquito Nation, educ. at the Moravian Mission, Great Corn Island and privately at Kingston, Jamaica. Appointed as Heir Apparent by his maternal uncle and granted the title of Hereditary Prince ca 1860. Succeeded on his death as Hereditary Chief of Mosquito, 27^th November 1865 (unanimously confirmed by the General Council, 27^th May 1866). Refused recognition by the Nicaraguan authorities who also declined to pay him the subsidy they had agreed to under the terms of the Treaty of Managua. Reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age 5^th May 1874 and was invested with full ruling powers, 22^nd September 1874. Colonel-in-Chief Royal Bluefields Militia 1865-1879. m. a lady from Rama. He d. (poisoned by a Nicaraguan Spaniard), at King’s House, Bluefields, 5^th May 1879, having had issue, a son:

1) H.E. Prince Robert Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito – see below.

1879 – 1888 H.E. Prince George William Albert Hendy, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito. Proclaimed as Hereditary Chief after the death of his cousin, following election by the General Council, 23^rd May 1879. Received into the Moravian Church and formally baptised on the day of his proclamation. Formally installed at Bluefields, 17^th June 1879. Colonel-in-Chief Royal Bluefields Militia 1879-1888. Dir “The Mosquito Coast” newspaper 1887-1888. He d. suddenly in an accident at Pearl Cay Lagoon, 8^th November 1888 (succ. by his cousin).

1888 – 1889 [1894 & 1894-1914] H.E. Andrew Hendy, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito. Proclaimed by the Nicaraguans on the death of his cousin, 8^th November 1888. Repudiated by the Mosquito and abdicated in favour of his cousin, 8^th March 1889. Retired to Nicaraguan territory where he became a Miskitu Jefe Inspector and River Magistrat. He was subsequently chosen as a rival Chief of the Mosquito by General Rigoberto Cabezas deposed Robert Henry Clarence in 1894. Reappointed for the third time and formally installed at the Government Palace, Bluefields, 20^th November 1894. Accepted as chief by his own relatives and some groups of Mosquito who resided in Rio Coco within traditional Nicaraguan territory, but opposed by the vast majority on the Mosquito Coast, who saw him as a Nicaraguan stooge and rebelled against both in 1896, 1899 and 1900. On both occasions petitioning fo the return of their ‘rightful King’, Robert Henry Clarence. m. two wives. He d. at Rayapura, Rio Wangki, 1914, having had issue, at least three sons (two of whom were educated by the Nicaraguan government in Managua, a third in the USA).

1889 – 1890 H.E. Prince Jonathan Charles Frederick, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito. b. at Lyasiksa, North Mosquito, 1865, eldest son of H.H. Princess Matilda, second daughter of H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Mosquito Nation, by a junior wife, educ. at the Moravian Mission, Great Corn Island. Elected as successor to his cousin by the chiefs and nobles of the Mosquito Nation, 7^th March 1888. Formally proclaimed and installed as Hereditary Chief of Mosquito, at Government House, Bluefields, 8^th March 1889. Colonel-in-Chief Royal Bluefields Militia 1889-1890. He d. from an inflammation of the liver, resulting from a fall from and kick by his horse five days earlier, at King’s House, Bluefields, 11^th November 1890 (bur. there at Blakesly Hill Cemetery).

1890 – [1908] H.E. Prince Robert Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito. b. at Rama Cay, Bluefields Lagoon, 6^th September 1872, son of H.E. Prince William Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief of Mosquito, by a lady from Rama, educ. Moravian Mission Sch, Bluefields. Proclaimed as Hereditary Chief of Mosquito following election by the General Council, 29^th January 1891 (with effect from 11^th November 1890). Crowned at Pearl City, 24^th March 1891. Reigned under the guardian ship of The Hon Charles Patterson, Vice-Presdt of the Council, until he came of age and assumed full ruling powers, 6^th September 1893. Deposed 12^th February 1894, after Bluefields was invaded and occupied by Nicaraguan troops. Restored after British intervention induced them to retire in 6^th July 1894. Deposed again after a second invasion, when all American and British residents were forcibly removed to Managua and the town of Bluefields reduced to 500 souls, 7^th August 1894. Rescued by a British warship which took him into exile together with 200 refugees to Puerto Limon, Costa Rica, and later to Jamaica. Granted a pension by the British government of £1,785 per annum. He was repeatedly petitioned by his countrymen to return to the Mosquito Coast and resume his reign, being regarded by them throughout his exile as their "rightful King", and in whose favour at least three rebellions were mounted against the Nicaraguan government. Colonel-in-Chief Royal Bluefields Militia 1890-1894. m. Irene Morrison. He d. after an operation at the Public General Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica, 6^th January 1908 (bur. there), having had issue, an only daughter:

1) Princess Mary Clarence. b. posthumously, at Kingston, Jamaica, 1908. Settled in Belize, British Honduras. m. and had issue, a son and a daughter:
- a) Morton.
- a) Rosalyn Clark Henry. b. at Sandy Bay Sirpi, 192X. m. and had issue.

[1909] Robert Frederick, Heir Apparent to the Mosquito Kingdom. b. ca. 1855, son of Princess Matilda, daughter of H.M. Robert Charles Frederic, King of the Mosquito Nation. Succeeded on the death of his cousin, as Heir Apparent to the Mosquito Kingdom, 6^th January 1908? He d. at Aubrayeri, Wanks River, Honduras, after 1928.

[In 1977] Norton Cuthbert Clarence, Heir Apparent to the Mosquito Kingdom. Proprietor of a pool hall in Pearl Key in 1977, interviewed by a visiting linguist who reported that he was regarded as the legitimate heir to the kingdom. Possibly a grandson of Robert Henry Clarence (same as Morton?).

According to one source, a certain Herbert Henry Clarence was supposed to be next in line to be King. He left a Daughter who was born in 1949, who would have carried on this legacy and she has two sons, the first born who would carry on the tradition: Sean Henry Clarence.

END.

MOSQUITO 1

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