The
sultanate of Yogyakarta (Kasultanan Negara Yogyakarta
Adi-ning Rat) came into being with the separation of
the Mataram Empire (see Surakarta) on 13th
February 1755.
After the death of the Susuhanan Sri Paku Buwana II in
1749, a long drawn out succession dispute ensued. Prince
Mangku Bumi refused to accept the succession of Sri Paku
Buwana III, gained certain territories and attempted to
seize power. After six years of War had resulted in a
stalemate, with Mangku Bumi in control of the southwest.
The Susuhanan retained control of the northeast, with
Dutch military and political support. The latter tired of
the expense and drain on resources, they decided to
divide the empire into two new states, Surakarta under
the Susuhanan and a new Sultanate of Yogyakarta under
Mankubumi. The division was formally inaugurated on 13th
February 1755, but it took another seventy-five years to
settle the border between the two states.
After the defeat of Yogyakarta by British forces in 1811,
the sultanate was divided and the new Viceroyalty of
Pakualam established under loyal Prince Nata Kusuma on 22nd
June 1812.
The return of the Dutch in 1816 did not prove popular
amongst many Javanese. A major nationalist revolt, led by
the Yogyakarta Prince Dipa Negara erupted in 1825, when
he proclaimed himself as Sultan of Jawa. The war lasted
five long years and drained Dutch very heavily.
Eventually, his forces were defeated, he was captured and
exiled with his family to Makassar in 1830. His name,
however, lives on in nationalist legend.
The defeat of Japan in 1945 unleashed a major nationalist
movement aimed at establishing independence from the
Dutch. Although republican in aim, the movement strongly
supported by the young Dutch-educated Sultan Amangku
Buwana IX. On the return of Dutch forces to Java, and in
the wake of their successes against the nationalists, he
gave the fledgling nationalist leaders sanctuary. His
standing in the community was so high that the Dutch were
unwilling to risk public anger by invading the palace
grounds.
Sultan Amangku Buwana IX joined the republican
government, serving as a TNI General, senior Minister and
eventually, Vice-President of the Republic. Consequently,
Yogyakarta maintained a separate identity more
succesfully than the other principalities of the former
Netherlands East Indies. It became a separate
administrative unit, the Sultan serving as Governor and
the Viceroy Paku Alam as Lieutenant-Governor. On the
Sultan's death in 1989, his son was not appointed as
Governor. President Suharto attempted to fill the office
with one of his henchmen, but public disquiet and
discontent forced him to relent. Sultan Amangku Buwana X
assumed office as Governor in 1998.
SALUTE:
19-guns.
STYLES
& TITLES:
The ruling prince: Sampeyan Dalam ingkang Sinuhun Kanjeng
Sri Sultan Amangku Buwana III Senapati ing Alaga Ngah
'Abdu'l-Rahman Saiyid ud-din Panatagama Khalifatu'llah
ingkang Yumeneng Kaping (= the ruler who controls the
universe, commander-in-chief, servant of the Lord, Lord
of all believers).
The Royal consort of the Sultan (the padmi): Gusti
Kanjeng Ratu (personal title).
The junior wives of the Sultan: Kanjeng Bandara Radin Ayu
(personal title).
Heir Apparent: Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anum
Amangku Negara Sudibya Rajaputra Nalendra ing Mataram.
The sons of the Sultan by his Royal consort: Gusti Radin
Mas(personal name). They usually also
receive princedoms on reaching their majority, being
styled thereafter Gusti Bandara Pangeran Arya (personal
title).
The sons of the Sultan by his junior wives, during
minority: Bandara Radin Mas (personal name). They
usually also receive princedoms on reaching their
majority, being styled thereafter Bandara Pangeran Arya (personal
title).
The grandsons and male descendants of a Sultan, in the
male line: Radin Mas (personal name).
The daughters of the Sultan by the Royal consort, before
marriage: Gusti Radin Ajeng (personal name),
before marriage. The senior daughters usually also
receive high titles on reaching their majority, being
styled thereafter Gusti Kanjeng Ratu (personal title).
The daughters of the Sultan by the Royal consort, after
marriage: Gusti Radin Ayu (personal title of husband).
The daughters of the Sultan by junior wives, before
marriage: Bandara Radin Ajeng (personal name).
The daughters of the Sultan by junior wives, after
marriage: Bandara Radin Ayu (personal title of husband).
The grand daughters and other female descendants of a
Sultan, in the male line, before marriage: Radin Ajeng (personal
name).
The grand daughters and other female descendants of a
Sultan, in the male line, after marriage: Radin Ayu (personal
title of husband).
RULES
OF SUCCESSION:
Male primogeniture, the sons of royal wives taking
precedence over those of the junior wives.
ORDERS
& DECORATIONS: Bintang Pusaka Kraton Buatan Yogyakarta (the Order
of the Sacred Heirlooms of Yogyakarta Palace): founded by
Sultan Amangku Buwana IV. Awarded in three classes (?).
Bintang Pusaka Kraton Buatan
Yogyakarta - First class, breast star.
GLOSSARY:
See under Indonesia main page.
SOURCES:
P.B.R. Carey (ed.). The Archive of Yogyakarta, Vol I
Documents Relating to Politics and Court Affairs, The
British Academy Oriental Documents Committee, Oxford
University Press, 1980.
K.R.T. Mandoyokusumo, Serat Rajaputra Ngayogyakarta
Hadi-ning Rat, Cap-capan IV, Bebadan Museum Karaton
Ngayogyakarta Hadi-ning Rat, 1980. (a. 504) (SEA 1989).
M.C. Ricklefs, Jogjakarta under Sultan Mankubumi
1749-1792: A History of the Division of Java. Oxford
University Press, London, 1974.
Mahamad Roem, Mochtar Lubis, and Kustinyati Mochtar dan
S. Maimoen, Tahta Untuk Rakyat: Celah-celah Kehidupan
Sultan Amangku Buwana IX, Penerbit PT Gramedia, Jakarta,
1982.
Oleh Sagimun M.D., Pahlawan Dipa Negara Berdjuang. P.T.
Gunung Agung, Jakarta, 1965.
Aart van Beek, Life in the Javanese Kraton. Oxford
University Press, Singapore, 1990.
SPECIAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Stephen R. Bunford.
The late Jeffrey Finestone.
D. Tick, Pusat Dokumentasi Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Indonesia
"Pusaka".